Temporal evolution and characterization of congenital syphilis cases in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2007-2015. / Evolução temporal e caracterização dos casos de sífilis congênita em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2007-2015.

The objective was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and to characterize the disease in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) between 2007 and 2015. Quantitative study, of a time series analysis, with the database from the Information System of Diseases Notification, referring to cases of CS reported in MG between 2007 and 2015. It was used descriptive statistics, calculation of the incidence rate of CS and polynomial regression model for temporal trend analysis. The results showed that in the period 4,381 cases were registered. The incidence rate ranged from 0.61 to 5.08 per 1,000 live births (LB),with an increase in the temporal trend of the CS incidence coefficient in the period from 2007 to 2015, with an annual rate variation of 30.6% (95% CI: 21.0 - 41.0). There was a predominance of brown-skinned newborns (38.7%), up to 6 days old (94.7%) and the majority (63.6%) did not present any suggestive manifestations of CS, but definitive diagnosis for recent CS (95.2%). The number of reported cases is increasing, suggesting that it is necessary, for improvement in the prenatal care, diagnosis, appropriate treatment, health care and notification.

Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal da incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) e caracterizar a doença no estado de Minas Gerais (MG) entre 2007 e 2015. Estudo quantitativo, de análise de série temporal, com banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, referentes aos casos de SC notificados em MG entre 2007 e 2015. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, cálculo da taxa de incidência de SC e modelo de regressão polinomial para análise de tendência temporal. Os resultados mostraram que no período registraram-se 4.381 casos. A taxa de incidência variou entre 0,61 e 5,08/1.000 nascidos vivos (NV), com incremento na tendência temporal do coeficiente de incidência da SC no período de 2007 a 2015, com variação anual da taxa de 30,6% (IC95%: 21,0 ­ 41,0). Houve predomínio de recém-nascidos de cor de pele parda (38,7%), faixa etária de até 6 dias de vida (94,7%) e a maioria (63,6%) não apresentou, em relação ao exame físico, qualquer manifestação sugestiva de SC, porém teve diagnóstico definitivo para SC recente (95,2%). O número de casos notificados é crescente, sugerindo que há uma necessidade de melhoria na assistência ao pré-natal, diagnóstico, tratamento adequado, ações de saúde e notificação.

Evolução temporal e caracterização dos casos de sífilis congênita em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2007-2015 / Temporal evolution and characterization of congenital syphilis cases in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2007-2015

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a tendência temporal da incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) e caracterizar a doença no estado de Minas Gerais (MG) entre 2007 e 2015. Estudo quantitativo, de análise de série temporal, com banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, referentes aos casos de SC notificados em MG entre 2007 e 2015. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, cálculo da taxa de incidência de SC e modelo de regressão polinomial para análise de tendência temporal. Os resultados mostraram que no período registraram-se 4.381 casos. A taxa de incidência variou entre 0,61 e 5,08/1.000 nascidos vivos (NV), com incremento na tendência temporal do coeficiente de incidência da SC no período de 2007 a 2015, com variação anual da taxa de 30,6% (IC95%: 21,0 - 41,0). Houve predomínio de recém-nascidos de cor de pele parda (38,7%), faixa etária de até 6 dias de vida (94,7%) e a maioria (63,6%) não apresentou, em relação ao exame físico, qualquer manifestação sugestiva de SC, porém teve diagnóstico definitivo para SC recente (95,2%). O número de casos notificados é crescente, sugerindo que há uma necessidade de melhoria na assistência ao pré-natal, diagnóstico, tratamento adequado, ações de saúde e notificação.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the temporal trend of the incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) and to characterize the disease in the state of Minas Gerais (MG) between 2007 and 2015. Quantitative study, of a time series analysis, with the database from the Information System of Diseases Notification, referring to cases of CS reported in MG between 2007 and 2015. It was used descriptive statistics, calculation of the incidence rate of CS and polynomial regression model for temporal trend analysis. The results showed that in the period 4,381 cases were registered. The incidence rate ranged from 0.61 to 5.08 per 1,000 live births (LB),with an increase in the temporal trend of the CS incidence coefficient in the period from 2007 to 2015, with an annual rate variation of 30.6% (95% CI: 21.0 - 41.0). There was a predominance of brown-skinned newborns (38.7%), up to 6 days old (94.7%) and the majority (63.6%) did not present any suggestive manifestations of CS, but definitive diagnosis for recent CS (95.2%). The number of reported cases is increasing, suggesting that it is necessary, for improvement in the prenatal care, diagnosis, appropriate treatment, health care and notification.

Temporal trend of HIV/AIDS cases in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2007-2016. / Tendência temporal dos casos de HIV/aids no estado de Minas Gerais, 2007 a 2016.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the temporal trend of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) incidence, detection and mortality coefficients in the state of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. METHODS: this was a time series study of data held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: in the period studied, 35,349 cases were notified, with predominance of sexually transmitted cases (81.7%), 50.3% of which were heterosexual cases and 22.8% were homosexual cases. AIDS incidence increased (annual change 1.6%; 95%CI 0.0;3.3) as did HIV detection (annual change 60.3%; 95%CI 22.9;109.0). The mortality rate was stationary; HIV+ notifications increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 65.1% in 2016. CONCLUSION: the growing trend of HIV+ detection coincided with the government strategy to identify cases. AIDS incidence increased.

Tendência temporal dos casos de HIV/aids no estado de Minas Gerais, 2007 a 2016 / Tendencia temporal de los casos de VIH/sida en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2007-2016 / Temporal trend of HIV/AIDS cases in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2007-2016

Objetivo: analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de incidência, detecção e mortalidade pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (aids) no estado de Minas Gerais, de 2007 a 2016. Métodos: estudo de séries temporais, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: no período estudado, foram notificados 35.349 casos,entre os quais predominou a transmissão por via sexual (81,7%); destes, 50,3% foram entre heterossexuais e 22,8% entre homossexuais. Houve aumento da taxa de incidência de aids (variação anual 1,6%; IC95%0,0;3,3) e de detecção de HIV+ (variação anual 60,3%; IC95%22,9;109,0). A taxa de mortalidade foi estacionária. O percentual de notificações pelo critério HIV+ aumentou de 3,8% em 2007 para 65,1% em 2016. Conclusão: a tendência de crescimento da detecção de HIV coincide com a estratégia para identificação dos casos; a incidência de aids foi crescente.

Objetivo: analizar la tendencia temporal de los coeficientes de incidencia, detección y mortalidad por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida (Sida) en el estado de Minas Gerais, entre 2007-2016. Métodos: estudio de las series temporales de casos notificados del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación (Sinan) por la regresión de Prais-Winsten. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y análisis de series temporales. Resultados: había 35.349 casos y predominio de contaminación por vía sexual (81,7%), en heterosexuales (50,3%) y homosexuales (22,8%). Aumentó la tendencia de la incidencia de sida y detección de VIH +, con variación anual del 1,6% y del 60,3% (p <0,05), respectivamente. La mortalidad fue estacionaria. Aumentaron las notificaciones por el criterio de VIH +. Conclusión: el aumento de la tendencia de detección de VIH +, indica que la estrategia para identificación de portadores se ha mostrado apropiada, pero la incidencia de sida continua creciente.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) incidence, detection and mortality coefficients in the state of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. Methods: this was a time series study of data held on the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (Sinan) using Prais-Winsten regression. Results: in the period studied, 35,349 cases were notified, with predominance of sexually transmitted cases (81.7%), 50.3% of which were heterosexual cases and 22.8% were homosexual cases. AIDS incidence increased (annual change 1.6%; 95%CI 0.0;3.3) as did HIV detection (annual change 60.3%; 95%CI 22.9;109.0). The mortality rate was stationary; HIV+ notifications increased from 3.8% in 2007 to 65.1% in 2016. Conclusion: the growing trend of HIV+ detection coincided with the government strategy to identify cases. AIDS incidence increased.

Aspects related to the outcomes of the treatment, in international borders, of cases of tuberculosis as associated to comorbidities.

OBJECTIVE: analyzing the aspects associated with case outcomes and the international border situation when it comes to patients with tuberculosis (TB) associated with comorbidities. METHOD: exploratory descriptive epidemiological study, analyzing all new cases of TB with comorbidities reported in 2013 on SISNAN in the cities at the border of the state of Paraná and Paraguay. The variables used were: sociodemographic, clinical and operational. To analyze the data, descriptive analysis and the chi-square test were applied. RESULTS: 227 cases of tuberculosis associated with comorbidities were reported and 70.9% were from cities bordering Paraguay. Alcoholism (22.0%) and AIDS (13.7%) were the most common comorbidities. The chi-square test presented a statistical association of border cities with negative outcomes and not performing directly observed treatments. CONCLUSION: Through the study, it was possible to find that the location of border cities can be determinant for a negative outcome.

Characteristics of cases of tuberculosis coinfected with HIV in Minas Gerais State in 2016.

This study aimed to characterize the cases of tuberculosis (TB) co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, after the notification sheet modification, and to verify the association between the new variables and the treatment outcome. It is an analytical cross-sectional study with TB/HIV cases notified in the year 2016 to the Brazilian Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação). Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multiple correspondence analysis were performed to verify the association between the outcome, ageand associated diseases. Of the 180 cases, most were male (75.6%) between 30 and 49 years old (63.3%), mixed ethnicity (black and white) (49.4%), 94.4% had the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and 60.6% had pulmonary TB. The molecular test was not performed at the time of diagnosis in 70.5% of the cases. Homeless people (4.4%) and prisoners (3.9%) featured prominently among the special populations. People between 40 and 49 years old without concurrent diseases were cured in 40.0% of the cases; 18.9% abandoned the treatment due to smoking, drug abuse and mental illness in the age group between 20 and 29 years old. The deaths were associated with the age group between 30 and 39 years old and the occurrence of AIDS. The results have shown that the groups considered vulnerable (drug users, smokers and people with mental illness) abandoned the treatment, the notification upon death from AIDS in adults was late and some treatments were inadequate. The epidemiological surveillance, prevention and assistance strategies towards cases of TB/HIV must be improved in order to achieve the goal of the Brazilian National Plan to end Tuberculosis as a Public Health Problem until 2035 in the state.

Aspects related to the outcomes of the treatment, in international borders, of cases of tuberculosis as associated to comorbidities / Aspectos relacionados con el resultado de tratamiento de los casos de tuberculosis asociados a comorbilidades en situación de frontera internacional / Aspectos relacionados ao desfecho de tratamento dos casos de tuberculose associadas à comorbidades em situação de fronteira internacional

Abstract Objective: analyzing the aspects associated with case outcomes and the international border situation when it comes to patients with tuberculosis (TB) associated with comorbidities. Method: exploratory descriptive epidemiological study, analyzing all new cases of TB with comorbidities reported in 2013 on SISNAN in the cities at the border of the state of Paraná and Paraguay. The variables used were: sociodemographic, clinical and operational. To analyze the data, descriptive analysis and the chi-square test were applied. Results: 227 cases of tuberculosis associated with comorbidities were reported and 70.9% were from cities bordering Paraguay. Alcoholism (22.0%) and AIDS (13.7%) were the most common comorbidities. The chi-square test presented a statistical association of border cities with negative outcomes and not performing directly observed treatments. Conclusion: Through the study, it was possible to find that the location of border cities can be determinant for a negative outcome.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los aspectos asociados al cierre del caso y a la situación de frontera internacional entre enfermos de tuberculosis con comorbilidad. Método: Estudios epidemiológico, descriptivo exploratorio, analizando todos los casos nuevos de TB con comorbilidad notificados en el año 2013 en SISNAN en municipio de frontera del Estado de Paraná con Paraguay. Las variables utilizadas fueron: sociodermográficas, clínicas y operacionales. Para analizar los datos se aplicó análisis descriptiva y el test qui-cuadrado. Resultados: De los 227 casos de tuberculosis con comorbilidades, el 70,9% eran de municipios que hacían frontera con Paraguay. El alcoholismo (22,0%) y el sida (13,7%) fueron las comorbilidades más frecuentes. La prueba que qui-cuadrado presentó asociación estadística para los municipios de frontera con desenlace desfavorable y que no realizan el tratamiento directamente observado. Conclusión: Por el estudio, es posible identificar que la localización de los municipios de frontera puede ser determinante para un desempeño desfavorable.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar os aspectos associados ao desfecho do caso e à situação de fronteira internacional entre doentes de tuberculose com comorbidades. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, descritivo exploratório, analisando todos os casos novos de Tuberculose com comorbidades notificados no ano 2013 no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação em municípios de fronteira do estado do Paraná com o Paraguai. As variáveis utilizadas foram: sociodemográficas, clínicas e operacionais. Para analisar os dados aplicou-se análise descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado. Resultados: Dos 227 casos de tuberculose com comorbidades, 70,9% eram de municípios que faziam fronteira com o Paraguai. O alcoolismo (22,0%) e a aids (13,7%) foram as comorbidades mais frequentes. O teste que qui-quadrado apresentou associação estatística para os municípios de fronteira com desfecho desfavorável e que não realizam o tratamento diretamente observado. Conclusão Pelo estudo, é possível identificar que a localização dos municípios de fronteira pode ser determinante para um desempenho desfavorável.

Characterization of sexual violence in a state from the Southeast Region of Brazil / Caracterización de la violencia sexual en un estado de la Región Sudeste de Brasil / Caracterização da violência sexual em um Estado da Região Sudeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between victims of sexual violence and the sociodemographic aspects related to exposure in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: an ecological study, where the database of the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, SINAN provided by the Minas Gerais State Health Department was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and Multiple Correspondence Factor Analysis (p≤0.05). Results: stepfathers were the predominant offenders, associated with schooling from 0 to 4th grade, brown-skinned ethnicity, and the residence as place of occurrence. When the offender was the father, there was association with an unknown place of occurrence, followed by the residence, abuse of male children between 0 and 9 years old, and living in municipalities from 200 to 500 thousand inhabitants. Stranger aggressors were associated with white female victims aged 15 years old or over, schooling between 5th grade and higher education, single act of sexual violence, in which physical violence was used and occurrence on public roads. Conclusion: sexual violence affects mainly women and children, the former being attacked on public roads and the latter in their own home environment by a known offender.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprobarla asociación entre las víctimas de violencia sexual y los aspectos sociodemográficos relacionados con la exposición en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: estudio ecológico en el que se utilizó la base de datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación obtenido de la Secretaría de Salud del estado de Minas Gerais referente al año 2016. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, el test de Chi-cuadrado y el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencia Múltiple (p≤0,05). Resultados: el agresor predominante fue el padrastro, asociado con una escolaridad de 0 a 4º grado, raza mestiza y con el domicilio particular como lugar del hecho. Cuando el agresor fue el padre, se registró una asociación con un lugar del hecho desconocido, seguido por el domicilio particular, abuso de niños de 0 a 9 años, de sexo masculino, y que residían en municipios de entre 200 y 500 mil habitantes. Se asoció al agresor desconocido con víctimas mujeres, de raza blanca y al menos 15 años de edad, con escolaridad entre 5º grado y enseñanza superior, y una única instancia de violencia sexual, con uso de violencia física y en la vía pública. Conclusión: la violencia sexual afecta principalmente a mujeres y niños; las primeras son abordadas en la vía pública y los niños en el ambiente del domicilio por parte de un agresor conocido.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre vítimas de violência sexual e aspectos sociodemográficos relacionados à exposição no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: estudo ecológico, utilizou-se o banco de dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação obtido na Secretaria do Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais referente a 2016. Para análise dos dados, utilizou-se estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e Análise Fatorial de Correspondência Múltipla (p≤0,05). Resultados: destacou-se como agressor o padrasto, associado à escolaridade de 0 a 4ª série, raça parda e local de ocorrência a residência. Quando o agressor foi o pai, houve associação com o local de ocorrência ignorado, seguido do local de ocorrência residência, abuso em crianças de 0 a 9 anos, do sexo masculino, e que pertenciam a municípios entre 200 e 500 mil habitantes. Já o agressor desconhecido foi associado com vítimas mulheres, brancas, com 15 anos ou mais de idade, escolaridade entre 5ª série e ensino superior, violência sexual única, em que foi utilizada violência física e ocorrência em vias públicas. Conclusão: a violência sexual atinge principalmente mulheres e crianças, sendo as primeiras acometidas em via pública e as crianças em ambiente domiciliar com agressor conhecido.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors in school children and adolescents in a medium-sized Brazilian city.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children and adolescents in a medium-sized Brazilian city. METHODS: In total, 1,125 children and adolescents between the ages of 5.6 and 18 years from public and private schools participated in the study. The sample included 681 girls and 444 boys. Each subject's weight and height were obtained according to Brazilian guidelines (SISVAN). The triceps (TSF), subscapular (SSF), biceps, suprailiac, femoral and calf skinfolds were measured in triplicate. Body mass index (BMI) was classified as the BMI percentile (BMIP) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 criteria. The percentage body fat (%BF) was obtained using the equations by Slaughter et al., 1998. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Overall, 364 participants with excess weight were identified: 17.3% were overweight, and 15.0% were obese. Among the girls, 18.0% were overweight, and 12.5% were obese; among the boys, 15.3% were overweight, and 18.0% were obese. These prevalence rates were higher when the time spent watching TV or participating in media-related activities surpassed 5 hrs/day, when individuals belonged to a higher economic class and when the head of the family had a higher education level (≥12 years). CONCLUSION: It is important to emphasize the need to increase our understanding of factors associated with overweight and obesity, and it is essential to implement measures and policies aimed at reversing this trend, such as stimulating healthy eating habits and physical activity and reducing time spent watching TV and participating in other media activities, including video games and social networking.

Estudo de base populacional: perfil sociodemográfico e de saúde em idosos / Population-based study: socio-demographic and health profile of older adults / Estudio de base poblacional: perfil sociodemográfico y de salud en ancianos

Objetivo: identificar o perfil sociodemográfico e de saúde de idosos dos municípios numa regional de Minas Gerais. Método: estudo transversal de base populacional, realizado em 24 cidades com 3430 idosos. Aplicou-se: Mini exame do Estado Mental, instrumento de perfil sociodemográfico, Mini avaliação Nutricional, WHOQOL-BREF e WHOQOL-OLD. Para a análise se usou SPSS versão 20.0. Resultados: sexo feminino (61,5%), 60 a 69 anos (52,6%), sem escolarização/analfabeto ou fundamental incompleto (83,5%), recebendo até um salário mínimo (39,7%), aposentados (80,7%) média de 3,17 (dp=1,92) doenças por idoso, uso em média de 2,47 medicamentos (dp=1,37), risco para desnutrição (29,1%), excesso de peso (62,9%), etilismo (15,7%), tabagismo (15%), sedentarismo (43,1%), qualidade de vida com menores escores no domínio meio ambiente (62,0/dp=13,2) e, na faceta autonomia (66,8/dp=16,4). Conclusão: sexo feminino, baixa renda, média de três doenças por pessoa, excesso de peso, sedentarismo e qualidade de vida com menores escores no domínio meio ambiente e faceta autonomia caracterizam a população pesquisada.

Objective: to identify the sociodemographic and health profile of older adults in municipalities of the Uberaba Health Region in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Method: in this cross-sectional, population-based study, the Mini-Mental State Examination, a demographic and health profile instrument, the Mini Nutritional Assessment, WHOQOL-BREF and WHOQOL-OLD were applied to 3430 older adults in 24 cities, between 2012 and 2013. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: female (61.5%), 60 to 69 years old (52.6%), no schooling or incomplete basic schooling (83.5%), income of one minimum wage or less (39.7%), pensioners (80.7%), mean 3.17 illnesses (SD = 1.92), use of 2.47 medicines (DP = 1.37), at risk for malnutrition (29.1%), overweight (62.9%), alcohol use (15.7%), smoking (15%), sedentary (43.1%), and with lowest quality of life scores in the environment domain (62.0%; DP = 13.2) and autonomy facet (66.8%; DP = 16.4). Conclusion: the study population was characteristically female, low-income, overweight, sedentary, had three diseases, and lowest quality of life scores in the environment domain and autonomy facet.

Objetivo: identificar el perfil sociodemográfico y de salud de ancianos de las ciudades en una Regional de Salud de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Método: estudio transversal de base poblacional, realizado en 24 ciudades junto a 3430 ancianos, entre 2012 y 2013. Se aplicó: mini-examen del estado mental, instrumento del perfil del sociodemográfico, mini-evaluación nutricional, WHOQOL-BREF y WHOQOL-OLD. Para el análisis se utilizó SPSS versión 20.0. Resultados: sexo femenino (61,5%), 60 a 69 años (52,6%), sin escolarización/analfabeto o secundario incompleto (83,5%), recibiendo hasta un salario mínimo (39,7%), jubilados (80,7%), promedio de 3,17 (dp=1,92) enfermedades por anciano, uso de 2,47 remedios (dp=1,37) en promedio, riesgo para la desnutrición (29,1%), exceso de peso (62,9%), alcoholismo (15,7%), tabaquismo (15%), sedentarismo (43,1%), calidad de la vida con menores puntuaciones en el dominio medio ambiente (62,0/dp=13,2) y, en el área autonomía (66,8/dp=16,4). Conclusión: sexo femenino, bajos ingresos, promedio de tres enfermedades por persona, exceso de peso, sedentarismo y calidad de la vida, con menores puntuaciones en el dominio medio ambiente y el área autonomía, caracterizan la población encuestada.

[Access to diagnosis of tuberculosis in Brazilian medium-sized municipality]. / Acesso ao diagnóstico da tuberculose em município brasileiro de médio porte.

OBJETIVO: Evaluating access to tuberculosis diagnosis, from the perspective of patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 108 tuberculosis patients. Data were collected using the brazilian instrument Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT-Brazil, adapted for attention to tuberculosis, including socio-economic and demographic indicators, location of diagnosis and diagnostic access tuberculosis. The analysis of the data was of frequency, average, standard deviation, confidence interval and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Most cases were diagnosed in hospitals (52.8%). The patient sought the Health Unit on average three times until receiving medical care. The indicators of difficulty of displacement, expenditure on motorized transport and consultation within 24 hours to discover the disease were not satisfactory and regular. The chi-square test showed a statistical association between diagnosis location and seeking the nearest health unit from home. CONCLUSIONS: There are weaknesses in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary care. There are many challenges to be faced to strengthen this level of health care, with organizational capacity to overcome the shortcomings related to the patient and the service that make it difficult to access the diagnosis of the disease.

HIV/AIDS case definition criteria and association between sociodemographic and clinical aspects of the disease reported in the State of Minas Gerais from 2007 to 2016.

INTRODUCTION: Over 30 years after the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic, several strategies have been implemented to verify the trend of the infection, the profile of the affected individuals, and the impact of prevention and control measures, with notification of asymptomatic carriers being the most recent measure. This study aimed to verify the geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and analyze the association between case definition criteria, sociodemographic data, and clinical aspects of the disease in the State of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. METHODS: In this ecological and analytical study, 35,349 cases of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reported in the State of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016 were analyzed. The data were analyzed using multiple correspondence factor analysis, time series analysis, descriptive statistics, and spatial distribution of the cases by macro-region. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were brown-skinned individuals, alive, diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on the basis of the criteria adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and living in municipalities with more than 50,000 (80.5%) inhabitants. Between 2007 and 2016, there was an increase in the number of criteria used for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus. By contrast, a consequent decrease was observed in the number of criteria used for defining cases, which were adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rio de Janeiro/Caracas, and for identifying AIDS-related deaths. Young people aged between 13 and 29 years, individuals whose education level is compatible with the observed age, and homosexual men were associated with the HIV+ criterion. CONCLUSIONS: Out study showed that after the mandatory notification of human immunodeficiency virus-positive cases in 2014, there was a decrease in other criteria for defining human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases and changes in the profile of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

HIV/AIDS case definition criteria and association between sociodemographic and clinical aspects of the disease reported in the State of Minas Gerais from 2007 to 2016

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Over 30 years after the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic, several strategies have been implemented to verify the trend of the infection, the profile of the affected individuals, and the impact of prevention and control measures, with notification of asymptomatic carriers being the most recent measure. This study aimed to verify the geographic distribution of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and analyze the association between case definition criteria, sociodemographic data, and clinical aspects of the disease in the State of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016. METHODS: In this ecological and analytical study, 35,349 cases of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reported in the State of Minas Gerais between 2007 and 2016 were analyzed. The data were analyzed using multiple correspondence factor analysis, time series analysis, descriptive statistics, and spatial distribution of the cases by macro-region. RESULTS: The majority of the patients were brown-skinned individuals, alive, diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome on the basis of the criteria adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and living in municipalities with more than 50,000 (80.5%) inhabitants. Between 2007 and 2016, there was an increase in the number of criteria used for diagnosing human immunodeficiency virus. By contrast, a consequent decrease was observed in the number of criteria used for defining cases, which were adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Rio de Janeiro/Caracas, and for identifying AIDS-related deaths. Young people aged between 13 and 29 years, individuals whose education level is compatible with the observed age, and homosexual men were associated with the HIV+ criterion. CONCLUSIONS: Out study showed that after the mandatory notification of human immunodeficiency virus-positive cases in 2014, there was a decrease in other criteria for defining human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases and changes in the profile of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Acesso ao diagnóstico da tuberculose em município brasileiro de médio porte / Access to diagnosis of tuberculosis in Brazilian medium-sized municipality / Acceso al diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en un municipio brasileño de mediano porte

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose, na perspectiva dos doentes. Métodos Estudo transversal, com 108 doentes de tuberculose. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se o instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool (PCAT), validado para o Brasil, adaptado para atenção a tuberculose, incluiu indicadores socioeconómicos e demográficos, local do diagnóstico e de acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose. A análise dos dados foi de frequência, média, desvio-padrão, intervalo de confiança e teste Qui-quadrado. Resultados A maioria dos casos foi diagnosticada em hospitais (52,8%). O doente procurou a Unidade de Saúde em média três vezes, para conseguir atendimento. Os indicadores dificuldade de deslocamento, gasto com transporte motorizado e consulta no prazo de 24 horas para descoberta da doença foram não satisfatórios e regulares. Conseguir consulta para descobrir a tuberculose em 24 horas, foi não satisfatório. O teste qui-quadrado mostrou associação estatística entre locais de diagnóstico e procura pela unidade de saúde mais próxima da casa. Conclusão O diagnóstico precoce da Tuberculose na Atenção Primária apresenta fragilidades. São muitos desafios a serem enfrentados para o fortalecimento deste nível de atenção a saúde, com capacidade organizacional para a superação das deficiências relacionadas ao doente e ao serviço que dificultam o acesso ao diagnóstico da doença.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objetivo Evaluating access to tuberculosis diagnosis, from the perspective of patients. Methods Cross-sectional study with 108 tuberculosis patients. Data were collected using the brazilian instrument Primary Care Assessment Tool - PCAT-Brazil, adapted for attention to tuberculosis, including socio-economic and demographic indicators, location of diagnosis and diagnostic access tuberculosis. The analysis of the data was of frequency, average, standard deviation, confidence interval and Chi-square test. Results Most cases were diagnosed in hospitals (52.8%). The patient sought the Health Unit on average three times until receiving medical care. The indicators of difficulty of displacement, expenditure on motorized transport and consultation within 24 hours to discover the disease were not satisfactory and regular. The chi-square test showed a statistical association between diagnosis location and seeking the nearest health unit from home. Conclusions There are weaknesses in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis in primary care. There are many challenges to be faced to strengthen this level of health care, with organizational capacity to overcome the shortcomings related to the patient and the service that make it difficult to access the diagnosis of the disease.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el acceso al diagnóstico de tuberculosis, desde la perspectiva de los enfermos. Métodos Estudio transversal con 108 pacientes de tuberculosis. Los datos fueron recolectados utilizando el instrumento Primary Care Assessment Tool -PCAT-Brasil- . El análisis de los datos incluyeron frecuencia, media, desviación estándar, intervalo de confianza y prueba Chi-cuadrado. Resultados La mayoría de los casos fueron diagnosticados en hospitales (52,8%). El paciente buscó la Unidad de Salud en promedio tres veces, para conseguir atención. Los indicadores dificultad de desplazamiento, gasto con transporte motorizado y consulta en el plazo de 24 horas para el descubrimiento de la enfermedad, no fueron satisfactorios o regulares. La prueba de Chi-cuadrado mostró una asociación estadística entre el lugar de diagnóstico y la búsqueda de la unidad de salud más cercana al hogar. Conclusión El diagnóstico precoz de la tuberculosis en la Atención Primaria presenta fallas. Son muchos los desafíos a enfrentar para mejorar la atención, la capacidad organizacional para superar las deficiencias relacionadas con el enfermo y el servicio, que dificultan el acceso al diagnóstico de la enfermedad.(AU)

Análise da tendência temporal do suicídio e de sistemas de informações em saúde em relação às tentativas de suicídio / Análisis de la tendencia temporal del suicidio y de sistemas de informaciones en salud en relación a las tentativas de suicidio / Time-trend analysis of suicide and of health information systems in relation to suicide attempts

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de tentativas de suicídios e suicídios nos bancos de dados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e a tendência temporal da mortalidade por suicídio. Método: estudo quantitativo e de série temporal, utilizou-se as bases de dados do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade para os óbitos por suicídio e o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação para análise dos casos de tentativas de suicídios e óbitos por suicídio notificados por autointoxicação exógena e violência por autoextermínio,na cidade de Uberaba, Minas Gerai/Brasil. Resultados: 169 tentativas de suicídio e 11 óbitos por suicídios foram analisados. O Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade é mais sensível à captação de óbitos por suicídio que o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Nas tentativas de suicídio do sexo feminino destacaram-se o uso de medicamentos e envenenamento, entre 15 e 29 anos. No Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade, o suicídio ocorreu principalmente entre 30 e 59 anos, destaque para homens e os principais meios de agressão foram enforcamento seguido de autointoxicação. A série temporal apresentou tendência crescente de 0,065 ao ano e aceleração negativa de 0,007. Conclusão: a tentativa de suicídio é predominante em adolescentes e adultos jovens, mulheres tentam mais suicídio do que os homens através de métodos menos agressivos. A mortalidade é maior entre 30 e 49 anos, 45,4% por enforcamento. A análise de série temporal indicou tendência crescente e incidência maior para o sexo masculino.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el perfil epidemiológico de los casos de tentativas de suicidios y suicidios en las bases de datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación y la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por suicidio. Método: estudio cuantitativo y de serie temporal en el que se usaron las bases de datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad para los óbitos por suicidio y el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación para el análisis de los casos de tentativas de suicidios y óbitos por suicidio notificados por autointoxicación exógena y violencia por autoexterminio, en la ciudad de Uberaba, Minas Gerais/Brasil. Resultados: 169 tentativas de suicidio y 11 óbitos por suicidios han sido analizados. El Sistema de Información de Mortalidad es más propenso a la captación de óbitos por suicidio que el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación. En las tentativas de suicidio del sexo femenino se destacaron el uso de medicamentos y el envenenamiento entre los 15 y 29 años. En el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad, el suicidio ocurrió, principalmente, entre los 30 y 59 años de edad, destacándose los hombres y los principales medios de agresión fueron ahorcamiento seguido de autointoxicación. La serie temporal presentó una tendencia creciente de 0,065 al año y una aceleración negativa del 0,007. Conclusión: la tentativa de suicidio sucede, predominante, entre adolescentes y jóvenes adultos. Las mujeres intentan suicidarse más que los hombres y a través de métodos menos agresivos. La mortalidad es mayor entre los 30 y 49 años, siendo que el 45,4% se suicida por ahorcamiento. El análisis de serie temporal indicó una tendencia creciente y una mayor incidencia para el sexo masculino.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the epidemiological profile of cases of suicide and suicide attempts on the databases of the Mortality Information System and Information System for Notifiable Diseases and the time trend of suicide mortality. Method: quantitative and time-series study, the databases of the Mortality Information System for deaths by suicide and the Information System of Notifiable Diseases were used to analyze cases of suicide attempts and deaths by suicide reported by exogenous auto intoxication and self-destructing violence, in the city of Uberaba/Minas Gerais/Brazil. Results: 169 suicide attempts and 11 deaths by suicide were analyzed. The Mortality Information System is more sensitive to the capture of deaths by suicide than the Information System of Notifiable Diseases. In the suicide attempts of females the use of medicines and poisoning stand out, between the ages of 15 and 29. In the Mortality Information System, suicide occurred mainly between the ages of 30 and 59, especially for men, and the main means of aggression were hanging followed by self-intoxication. The time series presented a growing trend of 0.065 per year and negative acceleration of 0.007. Conclusion: the suicide attempt is prevalent in adolescents and young adults; women attempt to suicide more than men, and through less aggressive methods. Mortality is highest between the ages of 30 and 49, 45.4% by hanging. The time series analysis indicated an increasing trend and higher incidence for males.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity and associated factors in school children and adolescents in a medium-sized Brazilian city

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children and adolescents in a medium-sized Brazilian city. METHODS: In total, 1,125 children and adolescents between the ages of 5.6 and 18 years from public and private schools participated in the study. The sample included 681 girls and 444 boys. Each subject's weight and height were obtained according to Brazilian guidelines (SISVAN). The triceps (TSF), subscapular (SSF), biceps, suprailiac, femoral and calf skinfolds were measured in triplicate. Body mass index (BMI) was classified as the BMI percentile (BMIP) according to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2007 criteria. The percentage body fat (%BF) was obtained using the equations by Slaughter et al., 1998. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: Overall, 364 participants with excess weight were identified: 17.3% were overweight, and 15.0% were obese. Among the girls, 18.0% were overweight, and 12.5% were obese; among the boys, 15.3% were overweight, and 18.0% were obese. These prevalence rates were higher when the time spent watching TV or participating in media-related activities surpassed 5 hrs/day, when individuals belonged to a higher economic class and when the head of the family had a higher education level (≥12 years). CONCLUSION: It is important to emphasize the need to increase our understanding of factors associated with overweight and obesity, and it is essential to implement measures and policies aimed at reversing this trend, such as stimulating healthy eating habits and physical activity and reducing time spent watching TV and participating in other media activities, including video games and social networking.

Capacidade gerencial da atenção primária à saúde para o controle da tuberculose em diferentes regiões do Brasil / Capacidad gerencial de la atención primaria a la salud para el control de la tuberculosis en diferentes regiones de Brasil / Management capacity of primary health care for tuberculosis control in different regions of Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a capacidade gerencial da atenção primária à saúde para o controle da tuberculose. Método: pesquisa avaliativa, de delineamento transversal. População: profissionais de saúde da atenção primária à saúde que atuavam no controle da tuberculose. Coleta de dados: instrumento e questionário baseados na proposta de avaliação da capacidade institucional local, para o modelo de atenção às condições crônicas, adaptado para a atenção à tuberculose. Na análise dos dados, calculou-se o escore médio das respostas a cada questão do instrumento e realizou-se a análise de correspondência múltipla. Resultados: a capacidade gerencial, na atenção primária à saúde, para o controle da tuberculose, apresentou resultados desfavoráveis para: agendamento no sistema de registro informatizado de consulta médica e exames de laboratório no tratamento de tuberculose, não utilização de comunicação formal e escrita para a referência dos casos de tuberculose. Além disso, o agente comunitário de saúde não se integra à equipe da unidade e não faz articulação com os recursos da comunidade e o apoio de especialista e a capacitação dos profissionais de saúde para o tratamento da tuberculose é limitado. Conclusão: a capacidade organizacional dos serviços de atenção primária à saúde, nos municípios pesquisados, apresenta avaliação desfavorável para o acesso aos sistemas de monitoramento/vigilância, planejamento, capacitação e articulação com a comunidade para o controle da tuberculose, quesitos os quais influenciam a viabilização das políticas para mudanças no modelo de atenção à tuberculose como condição crônica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la capacidad gerencial de la atención primaria a la salud para el control de la tuberculosis. Método: investigación evaluativa, de delineamiento transversal. Población: profesionales de salud de la atención primaria a la salud que actuaban en el control de la tuberculosis. Recolección de datos: instrumento y cuestionario basados ​​en la propuesta de evaluación de la capacidad institucional local, para el modelo de atención a las condiciones crónicas, adaptado para la atención a la tuberculosis. En el análisis de los datos, se calculó el puntaje medio de las respuestas a cada cuestión del instrumento y se realizó el análisis de correspondencia múltiple. Resultados: la capacidad gerencial, en la atención primaria a la salud, para el control de la tuberculosis, presentó resultados desfavorables para: programación en el sistema de registro informatizado de consulta médica y exámenes de laboratorio en el tratamiento de tuberculosis, no utilización de comunicación formal y escrita para la intervención referencia de los casos de tuberculosis. Además, el agente comunitario de salud no se integra al equipo de la unidad y no hace articulación con los recursos de la comunidad y el apoyo de especialista y la capacitación de los profesionales de salud para el tratamiento de la tuberculosis es limitado. Conclusión: la capacidad organizativa de los servicios de atención primaria a la salud, en los municipios encuestados, presenta una evaluación desfavorable para el acceso a los sistemas de monitoreo/vigilancia, planificación, capacitación y articulación con la comunidad para el control de la tuberculosis, que influyen en la viabilidad de las políticas para cambios en el modelo de atención a la tuberculosis como condición crónica

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the management capacity of primary health care for tuberculosis control. Method: cross-sectional study. Population: primary health care professional active in tuberculosis control. Data collection: instrument and questionnaire based on evaluation proposal of local institutional capacity for the chronic illness care model, adapted for tuberculosis care. In the data analysis, the mean score of answers to each instrument question was calculated and multiple correspondence analysis was applied. Results: in primary health care, the management capacity for tuberculosis control presented unfavorable results for: scheduling the tuberculosis treatment medical consultation and laboratory tests in computerized registration system, non-use of formal and written communication for the referral of tuberculosis cases. In addition, the community health worker does not interact with the service team and does not articulate with the community resources. Expert support and health professional training for tuberculosis treatment are limited. Conclusion: the organizational capacity of the primary care services in the investigated cities presents a negative assessment for the access to the monitoring/surveillance systems, planning, training and community articulation for tuberculosis controls, aspects that influence the feasibility of the policies for changes in the care model for tuberculosis as a chronic condition.

Assessment of Primary Health Care in the Treatment of Tuberculosis in a Brazilian Locality of the International Triple Frontier.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of Primary Health Care (PHC) in treatment of TB patients in a triple international border municipality. METHODS: The present study was an evaluative survey of cross-sectional and quantitative approach conducted with 225 PHC healthcare professionals. Data was collected through a structured and validated instrument, which provided five indicators of "structure" and four indicators of "process" classified as unsatisfactory, regular or satisfactory. RESULTS: The "structure" component was unsatisfactory for the indicator of professionals involved in TB care and training, and regular for the indicator of connection between the units and other levels of care. The "process" component was regular for the indicators of TB information, directly observed treatment and reference and counter reference on TB, and unsatisfactory for external actions on TB control. CONCLUSION: The "structure" and "process" components points out some weaknesses in terms of management and organization of human resources. Low frequency of training and the turnover influenced the involvement of professionals. Elements of "structure" and "process" show the need for investing in the PHC team and improving the clinical management of cases.

Primary Health Care and tuberculosis: services evaluation. / Atenção Primária à Saúde e tuberculose: avaliação dos serviços.

INTRODUCTION:: In order to control tuberculosis, the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends the decentralization of control actions directed to the Primary Health Care, and there are few studies on the performance of the Tuberculosis Control Program in decentralized contexts. OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the performance of Primary Health Care services in tuberculosis treatment. METHODS:: This is an evaluative study with cross-sectional approach conducted in 2011. Two hundred and thirty-nine health professionals from Primary Health Care units were interviewed using a structured instrument based on the evaluation reference of the health services quality (structure - process - results). The performance of these services was analyzed applying techniques of descriptive statistics, validation, and construction of indicators and by determining the reduced variable "Z". RESULTS:: The indicators "participation of professionals in tuberculosis patients' care" (structure) and "reference and counterreference" (process) had the best evaluations, whereas "professional training" (structure) and "external actions for tuberculosis control" (process) had the worst results. CONCLUSION:: The decentralization of tuberculosis control actions has been taking place in a vertical manner in Primary Health Care. The challenge of controlling tuberculosis involves overcoming constraints related to the engagement, training, and turnover rates among health professionals, which is a coordination between services and monitoring of control actions in Primary Health Care.

Tuberculosis control program in the municipal context: performance evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the Tuberculosis Control Program in municipalities of the State of São Paulo. METHODS: This is a program evaluation research, with ecological design, which uses three non-hierarchical groups of the municipalities of the State of São Paulo according to their performance in relation to operational indicators. We have selected 195 municipalities with at least five new cases of tuberculosis notified in the Notification System of the State of São Paulo and with 20,000 inhabitants or more in 2010. The multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify the association between the groups of different performances, the epidemiological and demographic characteristics, and the characteristics of the health systems of the municipalities. RESULTS: The group with the worst performance showed the highest rates of abandonment (average [avg] = 10.4, standard deviation [sd] = 9.4) and the lowest rates of supervision of Directly Observed Treatment (avg = 6.1, sd = 12.9), and it was associated with low incidence of tuberculosis, high tuberculosis and HIV, small population, high coverage of the Family Health Strategy/Program of Community Health Agents, and being located on the countryside. The group with the best performance presented the highest cure rate (avg = 83.7, sd = 10.5) and the highest rate of cases in Directly Observed Treatment (avg = 83.0, sd = 12.7); the group of regular performance showed regular results for outcome (avg cure = 79.8, sd = 13.2; abandonment avg = 9.5, sd = 8.3) and supervision of the Directly Observed Treatment (avg = 42.8, sd = 18.8). Large population, low coverage of the Family Health Strategy/Program of Community Health Agents, high incidence of tuberculosis and AIDS, and being located on the coast and in metropolitan areas were associated with these groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the importance of the Directly Observed Treatment in relation to the outcome for treatment and raise reflections on the structural and managerial capacity of municipalities in the implementation of the Tuberculosis Control Program. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o desempenho do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose em municípios paulistas. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa de avaliação de serviços, com delineamento ecológico, utilizando três agrupamentos não hierárquicos de municípios paulistas de acordo com seu desempenho em relação a indicadores operacionais. Foram selecionadas 195 cidades com no mínimo cinco casos novos de tuberculose notificados no Sistema de Notificação do Estado de São Paulo e 20.000 habitantes ou mais em 2010. A análise de correspondência múltipla foi utilizada para a identificação da associação entre os grupos de distintos desempenhos e as características epidemiológicas, demográficas e de sistemas de saúde dos municípios. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pior desempenho apresentou as taxas mais elevadas de abandono (média [md] = 10,4; desvio padrão [dp] = 9,4) e as menores proporções de efetivação de Tratamento Diretamente Observado (md = 6,1; dp = 12,9) e esteve associado à baixa incidência de tuberculose, alta confecção tuberculose e HIV, pequeno porte populacional, alta cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família/Programa de Agentes Comunitários em Saúde e localização no interior. O grupo de melhor desempenho apresentou a maior taxa de cura (md = 83,7; dp = 10,5) e a maior proporção de casos em Tratamento Diretamente Observado (md = 83,0; dp = 12,7); enquanto o grupo de desempenho regular mostrou resultados regulares de desfecho (cura: md = 79,8; dp = 13,2; abandono: md = 9,5; dp = 8,3) e de efetivação do Tratamento Diretamente Observado (md = 42,8; dp = 18,8). Grande porte populacional, baixa cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família/Programa de Agentes Comunitários em Saúde, alta incidência de tuberculose e aids, e localização no litoral e em áreas metropolitanas estiveram associados com esses grupos. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados destacam a importância do Tratamento Diretamente Observado em relação ao desfecho do tratamento e levantam reflexões sobre a capacidade estrutural e gerencial dos municípios na operacionalização do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose.